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Big Four Russell's viper (Daboia russelii, Marathi-ghonas, tawarya), Indian cobra (Naja naja, Marathi-Nag), saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus, Marathi-phoorsa), and the common krait (Bungarus caerules, Marathi-manyar, kanadar).
Source publication
Snakes have fascinated humankind for millennia. Snakebites are a serious medical, social,
and economic problem that are experienced worldwide; however, they are most serious in
tropical and subtropical countries. The reasons for this are 1) the presence of more species
of the most dangerous snakes, 2) the inaccessibility of immediate medical treatm...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of snakebite deaths on the Indian subcontinent. The 'Big Four' snakes consist of Russell's viper (Daboia russelii; Marathi translation, ghonas tawarya), Indian cobra (Naja naja; Marathi translation, Nag), saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus; Marathi translation, phoorsa), and common krait (Bungarus caeruleus; Marathi translation, manyar kanadar) (Fig. 1). 11 Apart from these big four, the hump-nosed viper is also hazardous. 12 Envenomation is a 'choice' and voluntary action or reaction by snakes. Their bite is a natural protec- tive defense mechanism. All venomous snakes have the ability to bite without including venom (dry bite). 13 Farmers, fields- men, and outdoor workers find ...
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Citations
... Ankol root has anti-cancer, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory (Shaikh et al. 2009), analgesic, anti-arthritic, muscle relaxant, carminative, anti protozoal, antihypertensive (Talukdar and Hossain 2014), anthelmintic, hypoglycemic properties. The root of tree is effective to cure tumour (Jain and Jain 2011), blood motions, leprosy, snake poison (Upasani et al. 2018), and skin diseases, prolonged fever (Balicer et al. 2010), asthma (Leung and Wai-Chun 2017), mad dog poison, and tuberculosis. Ankol seeds have antimicrobial, diuretic, anti-cancer, antidiabetic. ...
Natural products, especially plants and herbs, have always been a common medicament source, either as pure active principles or traditional preparations. Traditional medicine has been used in developing and developed countries for centuries, and still, 80% of the population uses plant-based medicines for their health care needs. The present review discusses all the possible pharmacological activity reported in various literature and active chemical constituents of herbs. A list of various herbs/plants used by Ayurvedacharya Ratiram Sharma (93-year-old and practicing since 1952) and mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. The curated list was prepared by their general availability in the household and local market. This study comprehensively documented the medicinal value of sixty-six dominant plant species used in Ayurveda and local people. In the present review, each herb is discussed with its scientific and common names, geographical distribution, traditional medicinal uses, beneficial plant parts, and active chemical constituents. For each plant, pharmacological activities of different parts of plants are displayed with their chemical constituents and structure. Toxicologists, phytologists, medicinal chemists, and other researchers who are interested in the various therapeutic and related applications of plant materials will be benefited from present review. This information will open new horizons of application for the many novel drugs and drug candidates.
... Since the human civilizations of all over the globe, the use of the medicinal plant for preliminary health care as well as other applications such as preservatives, pest control, etc. has been discovered and well documented. The various properties of these medicinal plants have been systematically examined in the research laboratory [30,31]. Moreover, these medicinal plants have well established their effectiveness against multidrug-resistant microorganisms. ...
... The Indian ethnic folks have been reported to use the paste of roots and leaves of R. serpentina as an herbal antidote (Upasani et al. 2017(Upasani et al. , 2018. It was found to be effective with combination of Tylophora indica paste (Ignacimuthu et al. 2006). ...
Rauwolfia serpentina is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to Apocynaceae family. The plant is rich with various phytochemicals particularly indole alkaloids like reserpine. Root extracts of plant have been used from centuries for the ailment of neurological disorders. Successful clinical studies have unravelled the properties like antihypertensive, antidiabetic nature, etc. However, the plant which was available widely in southern western ghats of India is now under threat of extinction. Unrestrained human exploitation of medicinal plants in anthropocene epoch has led to the reduction of plants like R.serpentina. An elaborate literature survey of phytochemicals and the so far proven medicinal properties of R. serpentina was performed. Advent of in vitro propagational strategies and the accomplishment of Rhizogenes-induced roots were also presented as strategies to conserve the plant in vitro. Moreover, the other biotechnological approaches used to raise the production of secondary metabolites as well for conservation were discoursed.KeywordsAnthropoceneEndangered plantsMedicinal plants
Rauwolfia serpentine
Conservation
... For instance, the Pacific region of Columbia has one of the highest pockets of biodiversity in the world with 50,000 species of plants, and yet both scientific knowledge on Colombian flora and ethnomedical investigations are lacking [439]. The cluster of surveys yielding such high levels of data in the India-Bangladesh-Pakistan country block could be attributed to the philosophy of the Ayurvedic medicine system, in which every plant on earth is considered to have a medicinal property [440], which provides great motivation to search for novel medicinal plant uses, although this could return false positives. ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is progressive and ultimately fatal, with current drugs failing to reverse and cure it. This study aimed to find plant species which may provide therapeutic bioactivities targeted to causal agents proposed to be driving AD. A novel toolkit methodology was employed, whereby clinical symptoms were translated into categories recognized in ethnomedicine. These categories were applied to find plant species with therapeutic effects, mined from ethnomedical surveys. Survey locations were mapped to assess how this data is at risk. Bioactivities were found of therapeutic relevance to 15 hypothesised causal bases for AD. 107 species with an ethnological report of memory improvement demonstrated therapeutic activity for all these 15 causal bases. The majority of the surveys were found to reside within biodiversity hotspots (centres of high biodiversity under threat), with loss of traditional knowledge the most common threat. Our findings suggest that the documented plants provide a large resource of AD therapeutic potential. In demonstrating bioactivities targeted to these causal bases, such plants may have the capacity to reduce or reverse AD, with promise as drug leads to target multiple AD hallmarks. However, there is a need to preserve ethnomedical knowledge, and the habitats on which this knowledge depends.
Graphical Abstract
... Several medicines and medical procedures are available Since the inception of human civilization, flora has been continuously exploited for numerous medicinal and nonmedicinal applications across the globe [5][6][7]. More than 80 % of the population from developing and under-developed countries still rely on medicinal plants for their primary health care needs (WHO) [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The widespread utilization of plant leashes for developing an association between the plant kingdom and human society. ...
... Some major risk factors involved in kidney stone formation are 1) daily routine and dietary/nutrition such as excessive consumption of animal proteins and salt as well as lack of chelating agents (e.g. citrate, fibre, and alkali foods), 2) metabolic disorders such as hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, hyperuricosuria, 3) history of gout, 4) change in urine composition, 5) low urine volume, 6) recurrent urinary tract infections, 7) genetic predisposition/inherited disorders (family history of stones (genetic susceptibility); monogenic genetic diseases (single abnormal gene disorders on the autosomes); renal tubular acidosis), 8) anatomical abnormalities (such as defects in medullary sponge kidney), 9) ureteropelvic junction stenosis, 10) pyeloureteral duplication, 11) polycystic renal disease, 12) horseshoe kidney, 13) hypertension, 14) obesity, 15) climate change, 16) geographic conditions, 17) seasonal variations, 18) inflammatory bowel disease, 19) nonappearance of intestinal oxalate-degrading bacteria, and 20) high intake of lithogenic drugs for extended period of time [18,19]. ...
Background
The kidney stone is the most commonly observed and painful disease of the urinary tract in human being. Numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors are responsible for the formation of kidney stone, for instance, age, sex, heredity (intrinsic factors) and climate, dietary, geography, mineral composition, and water intake (extrinsic factors). The kidney stones are categorized into calcium, struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate, uric acid or urate, cystine and other types of stones based on chemical composition and pathogenesis. Due to the multifactorial nature of kidney stone disease, the patient may need to rely on complex synthetic medication. However, in ancient Indian history, there are several pieces of evidence where natural resources such as plants were used to remediation this lethal disease.
Objective
The present review attempts to provide exhaustive information of ethnomedicinal and ethnopharmacological information of medicinal plants used for kidney stone in India.
Result
Hitherto, there are a total of 258 ethnomedicinal plants from 90 different families reported using for kidney stone application. The majority of the plant species are associated with three important families: Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, and Fabaceae. Most of the plants are from Andhra Pradesh (43 plants), followed by East Bengal (38), Jammu & Kashmir (36), Uttarakhand (31), Panjab (27), Mizoram (23), Karnataka (20), Maharashtra (20) and Assam (18). The commonly used plant parts for the herbal preparation are roots (21.22 %) followed by leaves/leaf (20.15 %), and sometimes complete plant (17.77 %) is used. The most commonly used method for the formulation is decoction (46.41 %) followed by powder (18.66 %) and then extracts (15.78 %) of different aerial and non-aerial parts of the plant. To date, the in-vitro and in-vivo activities against the kidney stone assessed for more than sixty ethnomedicinal plants.
Conclusion
The present review epitomizes the ethnomedicinal information of medicinal plants used for kidney stone and pharmacological evidence for anti-urolithiasis activity. Most reported medicinal plants are not yet scientifically explored and need immediate attention before we lose some important species due to excessive deforestation for farming and industrial needs.
... Existem vários relatos sobre o uso popular de plantas medicinais contra picada de serpente em todo o mundo, especialmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, como na Ásia, África e América do Sul (Silva et al., 2017;Upasani et al., 2018). Os povos rurais e tribais que vivem em áreas remotas dependem grandemente de medicamentos populares para o tratamento de picadas de quaisquer espécies de venenos (Sulochana et al., 2015). ...
... Existem vários relatos sobre o uso popular de plantas medicinais contra picada de serpente em todo o mundo, especialmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, como na Ásia, África e América do Sul (Silva et al., 2017;Upasani et al., 2018). Os povos rurais e tribais que vivem em áreas remotas dependem grandemente de medicamentos populares para o tratamento de picadas de quaisquer espécies de venenos (Sulochana et al., 2015). ...
Accidents involving venomous snakes affect millions of people a year worldwide, resulting in a large number of deaths. In general, the inefficiency of antiophidic therapy means it can have disadvantages. In this respect, research involving the use of alternative methods, such as testing the potential of plants to neutralize snake venom, has becoming increasingly common. There are a number of reports on the use of medicinal plants for snakebites worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions such as Asia, Africa and South America. Medicinal plants have long been used to counteract snake venom; a practice passed down through the generations in rural communities.The large variety of plant secondary metabolites is appealing to researchers and has led to the discovery of molecules that may be useful to human and animal health. As such, further research is needed to produce new therapies, including assessing target substances, formulating projects and improving current compounds to identify those that would best adapt to the specific needs of each location.
KEYWORDS: Plant extract; Ophidism; Snake venom.
... More than 80% of victims in Bangladesh are handled primarily with the aid of medicinal plants [46]. Medicinal plants are used for the treatment of snake bite in different region of the world [47][48][49][50]. Medicinal plants in this CHTs region are a rich source having anti-venom properties [51] such as Abroma augusta, Achyranthes aspera, Alocasia cucullata, Aristolochia tagala, Calotropis procera, Cassia occidentalis, Ficus hirta, Persicaria chinensis, Senna occidentalis etc. ...
Objective: Traditional medicines are of great importance to villagers and also now a day to modern drugs. Scientists are trying to explore new drug resources along with the modern drugs to support drug treatment strategy to be more effective and merely natural. Nature is the rich source of many essential bioactive compounds with more specificity and less side effects and thus, traditional medicines are got attention to the pharmacists. There are lots of medicinal plants with scientific evidences in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) region, but all that information have not yet been compiled as a review. Keeping this in mind, a review attempt has been taken by focusing on traditional medicine used mostly by the indigenous population of Chittagong Hill Tracts region, which is also a rich source of biodiversity of Bangladesh.
Methods: Research articles based on various traditional medicines focusing CHTs region were taken in consideration to compile the data sources in this review article.
Results and Conclusion: Peoples in CHTs are using various types of medicinal plants obtained from their surroundings and have been using from long since with traditional reputation. In this review, we focused on such medicinal plants along with their scientific evidences, which would attract lots of scientists to work more to unveil a new research avenue in drug development.
... Over 700 plants have been described all over the world by popular medicine for the treatment of snakebite accidents. This type of treatment is normally used to ease local damage (pain, edema, and necrosis) and halt hemorrhaging caused by venom inoculation [13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
Snakebite envenoming is the cause of an ongoing health crisis in several regions of the world, particularly in tropical and neotropical countries. This scenario creates an urgent necessity for new practical solutions to address the limitations of current therapies. The current study investigated the isolation, phytochemical characterization, and myotoxicity inhibition mechanism of gallic acid (GA), a myotoxin inhibitor obtained from Anacardium humile. The identification and isolation of GA was achieved by employing analytical chromatographic separation, which exhibited a compound with retention time and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra compatible with GA's commercial standard and data from the literature. GA alone was able to inhibit the myotoxic activity induced by the crude venom of Bothrops jararacussu and its two main myotoxins, BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and interaction studies by molecular docking suggested that GA forms a complex with BthTX-I and II. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetics assays showed that GA has a high affinity for BthTX-I with a KD of 9.146 × 10-7 M. Taken together, the two-state reaction mode of GA binding to BthTX-I, and CD, FS and DLS assays, suggest that GA is able to induce oligomerization and secondary structure changes for BthTX-I and -II. GA and other tannins have been shown to be effective inhibitors of snake venoms' toxic effects, and herein we demonstrated GA's ability to bind to and inhibit a snake venom PLA2, thus proposing a new mechanism of PLA2 inhibition, and presenting more evidence of GA's potential as an antivenom compound.
... 6 Ameen et al, reported prominent anti-snake venom families in Taraba state in northern Nigeria as: Asteraceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae and Mimosaceae. These were observed to be different from those of other African countries but slight 19,20 semblance to the Indian traditional recipes . Review of ethnobotanical surveys of folkloric antivenom plants in many parts of the world has 1, 2 5 been documented . ...
